Popular Religion in Hosea's Time

I.    Popular religion in Israel according to Hos 4,4-19 and related texts

Balz-Cochois, H., Gomer. Der Hohenkult Israels im Selbstverständnis der Volksfrömmigkeit. Untersuchungen zu Hos 4,1–5,7 (EHS 23/191; Frankfurt a.M.: Peter Lang, 1982).

Budin, S., The Myth of Sacred Prostitution in Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

Day, J., "Does the Old Testament Refer to Sacred Prostitution and Did It Actually Exist in Ancient Israel?", in C. McCarthy – J. Healey (eds.), Biblical and Near Eastern Essays. Studies in Honour of Kevin J. Cathcart (JSOTSup 375; London: T & T Clark International, 2004) 2-21.

DeRoche, M., "Structure, Rhetoric, and Meaning in Hosea iv 4-10", VT 33 (1983) 185-198.

Emmerson, G. J., "A Fertility Goddess in Hosea iv 17 - 19", VT 24 (1974) 492-497.

Gangloff, F. – J.-C. Haelewyck, "Osée 4,17-19. Un Marzeah à l'honneur de la déesse ‘Anat?", ETL 71 (1995) 370-382.

Gangloff, F., "A l'ombre des Déesses-arbres? (Os 4: 12-14)", BN 106 (2001) 13-20.

Grätz, S., "Die vergebliche Suche nach Gott. Traditions- und kompositionsgeschichtliche Überlegungen zu Herkunft und Funktion der Strafvorstellungen in Hos iv 1-vi 6", VT 50 (2000) 200-217.

Maier, C., "Myth and Truth in Socio-Historical Reconstruction of Ancient Societies: Hosea 4:11-14 as a Test Case", in J. J. Ahn and S. L. Cook (eds.), Thus Says the Lord: Essays on the Former and Latter Prophets in Honor of Robert R. Wilson (LHB/OTS 502; New York & London: T & T Clark, 2009) 256-272.

Patterson, R. D., "Portraits from a Prophet's Portfolio: Hosea 4", BSac 165 (2008) 294-308.

Schmitt, H.-C., "Monolatrie Jahwes bei Hosea, in der vorexilischen Weisheit und in Kuntillet Ajrud", in R. Lux – E.-J. Waschke (eds.), Die unwiderstehliche Wahrheit. Studien zur alttestamentlichen Prophetie. Festschrift für Arndt Meinhold (Arbeiten zur Bibel und ihrer Geschichte, 23; Leipzig: Evangelische Verlagsanstalt, 2007) 241-263.

Stark, C., 'Kultprostitution' im Alten Testament? Die Qedeschen der Hebraischen Bibel und das Motiv der Hurerei (OBO 221; Fribourg: Academic Press; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2006).

II.    The goddess Asherah and the inscriptions of Kuntillet ‘Ajrud and Khirbet el-Qôm

Becking, B. – M. Dijkstra, Only One God? Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah (The Biblical Seminar, 77; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 2001).

Binger, T., Asherah: Goddesses in Ugarit, Israel and the Old Testament (JSOTSup 232; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1997).

Burns, J. B., "Female Pillar Figurines of the Iron Age: A Study in Text and Artifact", AUSS 36 (1998) 23-49.

Catastini, A., "Le iscrizioni di Kuntillet ‘Ajrud e il profetismo", AION 42 (1982) 127-134.

Catastini, A., "Note di epigrafia ebraica I-II", Henoch 6 (1984) 129-138.

Collins, J. J., The Bible after Babel: Historical Criticism in a Postmodern Age (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2005) 99-129 [= Chap. 5: "Israelite Religion: The Return of the Goddess"].

Day, J., "Asherah in the Hebrew Bible and Northwest Semitic Literature", JBL 105 (1986) 385-408.

Day, J., "Asherah", ABD I (1992) 483-487.

Dever, W. G., "Archaeology and the Ancient Israelite Cult: How the Kh. el-Qôm and Kuntillet ‘Ajrud 'Asherah' Texts Have Changed the Picture", in B. A. Levine et al. (eds.), Frank Moore Cross Volume (Eretz-Israel, 26; Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1999) 9*-15*.

Dever, W. G., Did God Have a Wife? Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2005).

Emerton, J. A., "New Light on Israelite Religion: The Implications of the Inscriptions from Kuntillet ‘Ajrud", ZAW 94 (1982) 2-20.

Emerton, J. A., "'Yahweh and his Asherah': the Goddess or her Symbol?", VT 49 (1999) 315-337.

Frevel, C., Aschera und der Ausschließlichkeitsanspruch YHWHs. Beiträge zu literarischen, religionsgeschichtlichen und ikonographischen Aspekten der Ascheradiskussion. 2 Bände (BBB 94/1 + 2; Weinheim: Beltz Athenäum, 1995).

Gangloff, F., "'Je suis son ‘Anat et son Asherâh' (Os 14,9)", ETL 74 (1998) 373-385.

Gangloff, F., "La 'Grande Déesse' dans le Proche-Orient ancien et dans l'Ancien Testament: une esquisse", ETR 74 (1999) 1-19.

Hadley, J. M., "The Khirbet el-Qom Inscription", VT 37 (1987) 50-62.

Hadley, J. M., "Yahweh and 'His Asherah': Archeological and Textual Evidence for the Cult of the Goddess", in W. Dietrich – M. A. Klopfenstein (eds.), Ein Gott allein? JHWH-Verehrung und biblischer Monotheismus im Kontext der israelitischen und altorientalischen Religionsgeschichte (OBO 139; Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994) 235-268.

Hadley, J. M., "Chasing Shadows? The Quest for the Historical Goddess", in J. A. Emerton (ed.), Congress Volume Cambridge 1995 (VTSup 66; Leiden: Brill, 1997) 169-184.

Hadley, J. M., The Cult of Asherah in Ancient Israel and Judah: Evidence for a Hebrew Goddess (University of Cambridge Oriental Publications, 57; Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000).

Holladay, J. S. – L. T. Geraty, "Kom, Khirbet el-", ABD IV (1992) 97-100.

Keel, O., Goddesses and Trees, New Moon and Yahweh: Ancient Near Eastern Art and the Hebrew Bible (JSOTSup 261; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1998).

Kletter, R., The Judean Pillar-Figurines and the Archaeology of Asherah (BAR International Series, 636; Oxford: Tempus Reparatum, 1996).

Kletter, R., "Asherah and the Judean Pillar Figurines Endangered?" in S. Parpola – R. M. Whiting (eds.), Sex and Gender in the Ancient Near East. Proceedings of the 47th Rencontre Assyriologique Internationale, Helsinki, July 2-6, 2001. 2 vol. (Helsinki: The Neo-Assyrian Text Corpus Project, 2002) 289-300.

LaRocca-Pitts, E. C., "Of Wood and Stone": The Significance of Israelite Cultic Items in the Bible and Its Early Interpreters (HSM 61; Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2001).

Lemaire, A., "Date et origine des inscriptions hébraïques et phéniciennes de Kuntillet ‘Ajrud", Studi epigrafici e linguistici 1 (1984) 131-143.

Lemaire, A., "Who or What was Yahweh's Asherah?", BAR 10,6 (Nov./Dec. 1984) 42-51.

Lemaire, A., "Khirbet el-Qôm and Hebrew and Aramaic Epigraphy", in S. Gitin – J. E. Wright – J. P. Dessel (eds.), Confronting the Past. Archaeological and Historical Essays on Ancient Israel in Honor of William G. Dever (Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2006) 231-238.

Maier, W. A., ’Ašerah: Extrabiblical Evidence (HSM 37; Atlanta, GA: Scholars, 1986).

Margalit, B., "Some Observations on the Inscription and Drawing from Khirbet el-Qôm", VT 39 (1989) 371-378.

Margalit, B., "The Meaning and Significance of Asherah", VT 40 (1990) 264-297.

Mastin, B. A., "Yahweh's Asherah, Inclusive Monotheism and the Question of Dating", in J. Day (ed.), In Search of Pre-Exilic Israel. Proceedings of the Oxford Old Testament Seminar (JSOTSup 406; London: T & T Clark International, 2004) 326-351.

Mastin, B.A., "The Inscriptions Written on Plaster at Kuntillet ‘Ajrud", VT 59 (2009) 99-115.

Mayes, A. D. H., "Kuntillet ‘Ajrud and the History of Israelite Religion", in J. R. Bartlett (ed.), Archaeology and Biblical Interpretation (London and New York: Routledge, 1997) 51-66.

Merlo, P., "L'Asherah de Yhwh a Kuntillet ‘Ajrud. Rassegna critica degli studi e delle interpretazioni", Studi epigrafici e linguistici 11 (1994) 21-55.

Merlo, P., La dea Ašratum - Atiratu - Ašera: un contributo alla storia della religione semitica del Nord (Corona Lateranensis; Roma: Pontificia Università Lateranense, 1998).

Meshel, Z. – C. Meyers, "The Name of God in the Wilderness of Zin", BA 39 (1976) 6-10.

Meshel, Z., "Did Yahweh Have a Consort?", BAR 5,2 (Mar./Apr. 1979) 24-35.

Meshel, Z., "Kuntillet ‘Ajrud", Le Monde de la Bible (Aug.-Oct. 1979) 32-36.

Meshel, Z., "Two Aspects in the Excavation of Kuntillet ‘Ajrud", in W. Dietrich – M. A. Klopfenstein (eds.), Ein Gott allein? JHWH-Verehrung und biblischer Monotheismus im Kontext der israelitischen und altorientalischen Religionsgeschichte (OBO 139; Freiburg, Schweiz: Universitätsverlag; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1994) 99-104.

Mittmann, S., "Die Grabinschrift des Sängers Uriahu", ZDPV 97 (1981) 139-152.

Müller, H.-P., "Kolloquialsprache und Volksreligion in den Inschriften von Kuntillet ‘Aǧrūd und Ḫirbet el-Qōm", ZAH 5 (1992) 15-51. Reprinted in A. Lange – K. D. Römheld (eds.), Wege zur Hebräischen Bibel. Denken – Sprache – Kultur. In memoriam Hans-Peter Müller (FRLANT 228; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009) 149-192.

North, R., "Yahweh's Asherah", in M. P. Horgan – P. J. Kobelski (eds.), To Touch the Text. Biblical and Related Studies in Honor of Joseph A. Fitzmyer S.J. (New York: Crossroad, 1989) 118-137.

O'Connor, M., "The Poetic Inscription from Khirbet el-Qôm", VT 37 (1987) 224-230.

Olyan, S. M., Asherah and the Cult of Yahweh in Israel (SBLMS 34, Atlanta, GA: Scholars, 1988).

Parker, S. B., "Divine Intercession in Judah?", VT 56 (2006) 76-91.

Pettey, R. J., Asherah, Goddess of Israel (American University Studies VII/74; New York: Peter Lang, 1990).

Rüterswörden, U., "Linguistik und Religionsgeschichte: Hans-Peter Müllers grammatische und formgeschichtliche Analyse von Inschriften aus Kuntillet ‘Aǧrūd und Ḫirbet el-Qōm", in A. Lange – K. D. Römheld (eds.), Wege zur Hebräischen Bibel. Denken – Sprache – Kultur. In memoriam Hans-Peter Müller (FRLANT 228; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2009) 193-200.

Singer-Avitz, L., "The Date of Kuntillet ‘Ajrud", TA 33 (2006) 196-228.

Smith, M. S., "God Male and Female in the Old Testament: Yahweh and his 'Asherah'", Theological Studies 48 (1987) 333-340.

Stern, E., "Religion in Palestine in the Assyrian and Persian periods", in B. Becking – M. C. A. Korpel (eds.), The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times (OTS 42; Leiden: Brill, 1999) 245-255.

Wiggins, S. A., A Reassessment of 'Ashera'. A Study According to the Textual Sources of the First Two Millennia BCE (AOAT 235; Kevelaer: Butzon & Bercker; Neukirchen-Vluyn: Neukirchener Verlag, 1993). New edition: A Reassessment of Asherah. Second edition with additional material (Gorgias Ugaritic Studies, 2; Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, ²2007).

Wiggins, S. A., "Of Asherahs and Trees: Some Methodological Questions", Journal of Ancient Near Eastern Religions 1 (2001) 158-187.

Xella, P., "Le dieu et «sa» déesse: l'utilisation des suffixes pronominaux avec les théonymes d'Ebla, à Ugarit et à Kuntillet ‘Ajrud", UF 27 (1995: ©1996) 599-610.

Zevit, Z., "The Khirbet el-Qôm Inscription Mentioning a Goddess", BASOR 255 (Summer 1984) 39-47.