Biblical Bibliographies
Charles Conroy [www.cjconroy.net]



Ezekiel: Reception and Interpretation
(A) Jewish Sources prior to 1800



[see also:  Ezek 40-48: general studies; Ezekiel: text and versions; Merkabah traditions]



The bibliography is divided into four sections as follows:

I.    Reception of Ezekiel at Qumran, especially the Pseudo-Ezekiel fragments

Atkinson, K., "Interpreting the Assassination of Pompey the Great in Light of Biblical Prophecy: The Use of Jeremiah 46, Ezekiel 30, and Hosea 9 in '4QPseudo-Ezekiel' (4Q386)", Qumran Chronicle 23/3-4 (2015) 81-100.

Bauckham, R., "A Quotation from 4QSecond Ezekiel in the Apocalypse of Peter", RevQ 15,3 [59] (1992) 437-445. Revised reprint [same title] in R. J. Bauckham, The Fate of the Dead: Studies on the Jewish and Christian Apocalypses (NovTSup 93; Leiden: Brill, 1998) 259-268.

Brady, M., "Biblical Interpretation in the 'Pseudo-Ezekiel' Fragments (4Q383-391) from Cave Four", in M. Henze (ed.), Biblical Interpretation at Qumran (Studies in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature; Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2005) 88-109.

Brooke, G., "Ezekiel in Some Qumran and New Testament Texts", in J. Trebolle Barrera – L. Vegas Montaner (eds.), The Madrid Qumran Congress. Proceedings of the International Congress on the Dead Sea Scrolls. Madrid 18-21 March, 1991. Volume One (Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 11/1; Leiden: Brill, 1992) 317-337.

Coetzee, J., "A Textual Analysis of Pseudo-Ezekiel (4Q385 and 4Q386): Rewritten or Merely Copies of Each Other", in J. J. Collins – A. Geyser-Fouché (eds.), Scribal Practice, Text and Canon in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Essays in Memory of Peter W. Flint (STDJ 130; Leiden: Brill, 2019) 108-125.

Cothenet, E., "Influence d'Ezéchiel sur la spiritualité de Qumrân", RevQ 13,1-4 [49-52] (1988) 431-439; = F. García Martínez – É. Puech (eds.), Mémorial Jean Carmignac: études Qumrâniennes (Paris: Gabalda, 1988) 431-439.

Dimant, D. – J. Strugnell, "The Merkabah Vision in Second Ezekiel (4Q385 4)", RevQ 14,3 [55] (1990) 331-348.

Dimant, D., "The Apocalyptic Interpretation of Ezekiel at Qumran", in I. Gruenwald – S. Shaked – G. Stroumsa (eds.), Messiah and Christos: Studies in the Jewish Origins of Christianity presented to David Flusser on the Occasion of his Seventy-Fifth Birthday (Texte und Studien zum Antiken Judentum, 32, Tübingen: Mohr [Siebeck], 1992) 31-51.

Dimant, D., "Ezekiel, Book of: Pseudo-Ezekiel", in L. H. Schiffman – J. C. VanderKam (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000) 1:282-284.

Dimant, D., "Resurrection, Restoration and Time-Curtailing in Qumran, Early Judaism, and Christianity", RevQ 19,4 [76] (2000) 527-548 [useful data about "Pseudo-Ezekiel"]. Revised version in D. Dimant, History, Ideology and Bible Interpretation in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Collected Studies (FAT 90; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014) 249-268.

Dimant, D., Qumran Cave 4, XXI: Parabiblical Texts, Part 4: Pseudo-Prophetic Texts (DJD XXX; Oxford: Clarendon, 2001), esp. 7-88. [editio princeps of "Pseudo-Ezekiel"]

Dimant, D., "'Pseudo-Ezekiel' and the 'Apocryphon of Jeremiah C' in Perspective", RevQ 25,1 [97] (2011) 17-39. Revised version in D. Dimant, History, Ideology and Bible Interpretation in the Dead Sea Scrolls: Collected Studies (FAT 90; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014) 423-440.

Dimant, D., "Hebrew Pseudepigrapha at Qumran: Pseudo-Ezekiel and the Apocryphon of Jeremiah C," in E. J. C. Tigchelaar (ed.), Old Testament Pseudepigrapha and the Scriptures (BETL 270; Leuven: Peeters, 2014) 89-103. Reprinted as "Hebrew Pseudepigrapha at Qumran", in D. Dimant, From Enoch to Tobit: Collected Studies in Ancient Jewish Literature (FAT 114; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017) 255-268.

Dimant, D., "The Interpretation of Ezekiel in the Hodayot", in B. Y. Goldstein – M. Segal – G. J. Brooke (eds.), Hā-’îsh Mōshe: Studies in Scriptural Interpretation in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Related Literature in Honor of Moshe J. Bernstein (STDJ 122; Leiden: Brill, 2018) 78-95.

Evans, A., "To What Extent is Ezekiel the Source of Resurrection of the Dead in 4Q385 Pseudo-Ezekiel and Targum Ezekiel?", OTE 28 (2015) 70-85.

Evans, A., "Ezekiel's 'Living Beings' in Pseudo-Ezekiel 4Q385, Frg. 6: A Comparison with Key Angelological Verses in Ezekiel 1 and 10", OTE 30 (2017) 300-314.

Evans, A., "The Movement of Ezekiel's 'Living Beings' in 4Q403 Shirot ‘Olat Hashabbat: Part 1: The Seventh Song", JSem 26 (2017) 647-662.

García Martínez, F., "L'interprétation de la Torah d'Ezéchiel dans les MSS de Qumran", RevQ 13,1-4 [49-52] (1988) 441-452; = F. García Martínez – É. Puech (eds.), Mémorial Jean Carmignac: études Qumrâniennes (Paris: Gabalda, 1988) 441-452.

García Martínez, F., "4QSecond Ezekiel y las tradiciones apocalípticas", in J. Carreira Das Neves – V. Collado Bertomeu – V. Vilar Hueso (eds.), III Simposio Bíblico Español (I Luso-Espanhol) (Valencia & Lisboa: Fundación Bíblica Española, 1991) 477-488.

García Martínez, F., "The Apocalyptic Interpretation of Ezekiel in the Dead Sea Scrolls", in F. García Martínez – M. Vervenne (eds.), Interpreting Translation: Studies on the LXX and Ezekiel in Honour of Johan Lust. With the collaboration of B. Doyle (BETL 192; Leuven: Leuven University Press & Peeters, 2005) 163-176.

Henze, M., "4QApocryphon of Jeremiah C and 4QPseudo-Ezekiel: Two 'Historical' Apocalypses", in K. De Troyer – A. Lange (eds.), Prophecy After the Prophets? The Contribution of the Dead Sea Scrolls to the Understanding of Biblical and Extra-Biblical Prophecy (CBET 52; Leuven: Peeters, 2009) 25-42.

Hogeterp, A. L. A., "Resurrection and Biblical Tradition: Pseudo-Ezekiel Reconsidered", Bib 89 (2008) 59-69.

Joyce, P., et al., "Ezekiel (Book and Person)", EBR 8 (2014) 582-617. Details: I. Hebrew Bible / Old Testament (P. Joyce) 582-590; II. New Testament (S. Moyise) 590-591; III. Judaism (M. Popović – G. Stemberger – D. Davies – R. Friedman) 592-604; IV. Christianity (A. Mein) 604-607; V. Islam (S. Burge) 607-608; VI. Literature (A. Mein) 608-610; VII. Visual Arts (O. Z. Soltes) 611-613; VIII. Music (S. R. Havsteen) 613-615; IX. Film (S. Gravett) 615-617.

Kister, M., "Barnabas 12:1; 4:3 and 4Q Second Ezekiel", RB 97 (1990) 63-67.

Kister, M. – E. Qimron, "Observations on 4QSecond Ezekiel (4Q385 2-3)", RevQ 15,4 [60] (1992) 595-602.

Klein, A., "Resurrection as Reward for the Righteous: The Vision of the Dry Bones in Pseudo-Ezekiel as External Continuation of the Biblical Vision in Ezekiel 37.1-14", in E. R. Hayes – L.-S. Tiemeyer (eds.), 'I Lifted My Eyes and Saw': Reading Dream and Vision Reports in the Hebrew Bible (LHB/OTS 584; London & New York: Bloomsbury T&T Clark, 2014) 196-220.

Manning, G. T., Echoes of a Prophet: The Use of Ezekiel in the Gospel of John and in Literature of the Second Temple Period (JSNTSup 270; London: T & T Clark, 2004), esp. 22-77. [on the use of Ezekiel in the Dead Sea Scrolls]

Parry, D. W. – E. Tov (eds.), The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader, Part 3: Parabiblical Texts. With the assistance of C. Anderson (The Dead Sea Scrolls Reader; Leiden: Brill, 2005). [includes the pseudo-Ezek texts and much else]

Philonenko, M., "Un arbre se courbera et se redressera (4Q385 2 9-10)", RHPR 73 (1993) 401-404.

Philonenko, M., "Les 'Oracles d'Hystaspe' et deux textes qoumrâniens (Règle de la Communauté 8, 12-14 et 4Q 385, 3, 2-7)", Semitica 47 (1997) 111-115.

Popović, M., "Prophet, Books and Texts: Ezekiel, Pseudo-Ezekiel and the Authoritativeness of Ezekiel Traditions in Early Judaism", in M. Popović (ed.), Authoritative Scriptures in Ancient Judaism (JSJSup 141; Leiden: Brill, 2010) 227-251.

Puech, É., La croyance des Esséniens en la vie future: immortalité, résurrection, vie éternelle? Histoire d'une croyance dans le Judaïsme Ancien. I: La résurrection des morts et le contexte scripturaire. II: Les données qumraniennes et classiques (EtBib, n.s. 21 & 22; Paris: Gabalda, 1993), esp. 606-616.

Puech, É., "L'image de l'arbre en 4QDeutéro-Ézéchiel (4Q385 2,9-10)", RevQ 16,3 [63] (1994) 429-440.

Shirav, A., "The Reconstruction of 4QWords of Ezekiel: Re-Assessing 4Q385, 4Q386, and 4Q385b", JSP 32.1 (Sept. 2022) 3-17. [the author proposes to substitute the name "Words of Ezekiel" for the older "Pseudo-Ezekiel"]

Smith, M., "Pseudo-Ezekiel: [4Q]391: 4QpapPseudo-Exekiele", in M. Broshi – E. Eshel – J. Fitzmyer – E. Larson – C. Newsom – L. Schiffman – M. Smith – M. Stone – J. Strugnell – A. Yardeni (in consultation with J. VanderKam), Qumran Cave 4, XIV: Parabiblical Texts, Part 2 (DJD XIX; Oxford: Clarendon, 1995) 153-193 (with Plates XVII-XXV).

Strugnell, J. – D. Dimant, "4Q Second Ezekiel (4Q 385)", RevQ 13,1-4 [49-52] (1988) 45-58; = F. García Martínez – É. Puech (eds.), Mémorial Jean Carmignac: études Qumrâniennes (Paris: Gabalda, 1988) 45-58.

Wacholder, B. Z., "Deutero Ezekiel and Jeremiah (4Q384-4Q391): Identifying the Dry Bones of Ezekiel 37 as the Essenes", in L. H. Schiffman – E. Tov – J. C. VanderKam (eds.), The Dead Sea Scrolls. Fifty Years after their Discovery. Proceedings of the Jerusalem Congress, July 20-25, 1997 (Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 2000) 445-461.

Wold, B. G., "Agency and Raising the Dead in 4QPseudo-Ezekiel and 4Q521 2 ii", ZNW 103 (2012) 1-19.

Wright, B. G., "Qumran Pseudepigrapha in Early Christianity: Is 1 Clem. 50:4 a Citation of 4QPseudo-Ezekiel (4Q385)?", in E. G. Chazon – M. Stone – A. Pinnick (eds.), Pseudepigraphic Perspectives: The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in Light of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Proceedings of the International Symposium of the Orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls and Associated Literature, 12-14 January, 1997 (STDJ 31; Leiden: Brill, 1999) 183-193.

Wright, B. G., "Notes on 4Q391 (papPseudo-Ezekiele) and Biblical Ezekiel", in R. A. Argall – B. A. Bow – R. A. Werline (eds.), For a Later Generation: The Transformation of Tradition in Israel, Early Judaism, and Early Christianity (Harrisburg, Penn.: Trinity Press International, 2000) 289-298.

Zahn, M. M., "Prophecy Rewritten: Use of Scriptural Traditions in '4QPseudo-Ezekiel'", JAJ 5 (2014) 335-367.

II.    Reception of Ezekiel in other ancient texts  [for further titles on the "Lives of the Prophets" see here]

Bauckham, R., "Apocryphon of Ezekiel Fragment 3: Meaning and Reception", in L. DiTommaso – M. Henze – W. Adler (eds.), The Embroidered Bible: Studies in Biblical Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha in Honour of Michael E. Stone (SVTP 26; Leiden: Brill, 2018) 213-236.

Damsma, A., The Targumic Toseftot to Ezekiel (Studies in the Aramaic Interpretation of Scripture, 13; Leiden: Brill, 2012).

Eckart, K.-G., "Das Apokryphon Ezechiel", in W. Hage – K.-G. Eckart, Die griechische Baruch-Apokalypse. Das Apokryphon Ezechiel (JSHRZ 5.1; Gütersloh: Mohn, 1974) 45-56.

Ganzel, T., "'The Rabbis Sought to Withdraw the Book of Ezekiel': The Rabbinic Re-Authorization of the Book of Ezekiel", JAJ 11 (2020) 251-270.

Hare, D. R. A., "The Lives of the Prophets", OTP II (1985) 379-399.

Manning, G. T., Echoes of a Prophet: The Use of Ezekiel in the Gospel of John and in Literature of the Second Temple Period (JSNTSup 270; London: T & T Clark, 2004), esp. 78-99. [Ezekiel in the Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha]

Mueller, J. R. – S. E. Robinson, "Apocryphon of Ezekiel", OTP I (1983) 487-495.

Mueller, J. R., The Five Fragments of the Apocryphon of Ezekiel: A Critical Study (JSPSup 5; Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press, 1994).

Mueller, J. R., "Ezekiel, Apocryphon of", EBR 8 (2014) 618-620.

Neusner, J., Ezekiel in Talmud and Midrash: A Source Book (Studies in Judaism; Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 2007).

Satran, D., Biblical Prophets in Byzantine Palestine: Reassessing the Lives of the Prophets (SVTP 11; Leiden: Brill, 1995).

Schussman, A., "The Prophet Ezekiel in Islamic Literature: Jewish Traces and Islamic Adaptations", in M. E. Stone – T. A. Bergren (eds.), Biblical Figures Outside the Bible (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1998) 316-339.

Schwemer, A. M., Studien zu den frühjüdischen Prophetenlegenden Vitae prophetarum. Band 1: Die Viten der großen Propheten Jesaja, Jeremia, Ezechiel und Daniel (Texte und Studien zum antiken Judentum, 49; Tübingen: Mohr, 1995).

Schwemer, A. M., Vitae Prophetarum (JSHRZ 1.7; Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 1997).

Stone, M. E. – B. G. Wright – D. Satran (eds.), The Apocryphal Ezechiel (EJL 18; Atlanta, GA: Society of Biblical Literature, 2000).

Wright, B. G., "Talking with God and Losing His Head: Extrabiblical Traditions About the Prophet Ezekiel", in M. E. Stone – T. A. Bergren (eds.), Biblical Figures Outside the Bible (Harrisburg, PA: Trinity Press International, 1998) 290-315.

Wright, B. G., "The Apocryphon of Ezekiel", in R. Bauckham – J. R. Davila – A. Panayotov (eds.), Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: More Noncanonical Scriptures, Volume 1 (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 2013) 380-392.

III.    Ezekiel in pre-1800 Jewish biblical commentaries

1.   Individual commentaries

Rashi (1040-1105)
Levy, A. J. (ed.), Rashi's Commentary on Ezekiel 40-48. Edited on the basis of eleven manuscripts (Philadelphia: The Dropsie College for Hebrew and Cognate Learning, 1931).
Complete Hebrew text in both editions of the Miqraʾot Gedolot below.
English translation of Rashi in the Judaica Press edition of the Miqraʾot Gedolot below.
Online version with Rashi in English here.

Eliezer of Beaugency (12th cent.) [exact dates unknown]
Poznański, S. A. (ed.), פירוש על יחזקאל ותרי עשר / לרבי אליעזר מבלגנצי / הוציאו לאור בפעם הראשונה / על פי כתב יד יחידי באוקספורד / וספח לו מבוא על חכמי צרפת מפרשי המקרא שמואל אברהם פאזנאנסקי (Warsaw: Mekize Nirdamim, 1909-1913). [Besides the commentaries on Ezekiel and the Twelve with the editor's Introduction, the volume contains some extracts from Eliezer's commentary on Job. The first fascicle with the Ezekiel commentary was published in 1909; the book was completed with the rest of the material in 1913. The Oxford Ms mentioned in the title is Bodleian Library, Ms Opp 625.] Online access to Poznański's edition here.
Extracts in English translation: Harris, R. A. (ed.), Rabbi Eliezer of Beaugency, Commentaries on Amos and Jonah (with Selections from Isaiah and Ezekiel). Introduction, translation, and commentary by Robert A. Harris (TEAMS Commentary Series; Kalamazoo, MI: Medieval Institute Publications, Western Michigan University, 2018), esp. 95-108. [selections from the Ezek commentary]

Abrabanel [Abravanel, Abarbanel], Don Isaac ben Judah (1437-1508)
Commentary on the Latter Prophets: נביאים אחרונים / עם פירוש דון יצחק אברבניאל... (Pesaro or [near] Rimini: Gershom Soncino, 1520). [for discussion about the place of publication see M. Marx, "Gershom (Hieronymus) Soncino's Wanderyears in Italy, 1498-1527: Exemplar Judaicae vitae", HUCA 11 (1936) 427-501, esp. 468-469] For online access see here.
Later editions too, e.g. פירוש על נביאים אחרונים (Amsterdam: Immanuel Benveniste, 1641). For online access see here.
Modern reprint editions: Abravanel, I., פירוש על נביאים אחרונים [Commentary on the Latter Prophets] (Jerusalem: Torah ve-Daʿat, 1957) and again (Jerusalem: Benei Arbaʾel, 1979).

2.   Multiple-commentary and anthology-type works

Miqraʾot Gedolot (Judaica Press edition)
ספר יחזקאל, חלק א′ : מקראות גדולות / The Book of Ezekiel, Volume One: A New English Translation of the Text, Rashi, and a Commentary Digest. Edited, translated and compiled by Rabbi A. J. Rosenberg (Judaica Books of the Prophets; Brooklyn, NY: Judaica Press, 1991).
ספר יחזקבל, חלק ב′ : מקראות גדולות / The Book of Ezekiel, Volume Two: A New English Translation of the Text, Rashi, and a Commentary Digest. Edited, translated and compiled by Rabbi A. J. Rosenberg (Judaica Books of the Prophets; Brooklyn, NY: Judaica Press, 1991).
[Each volume features both the complete Hebrew Mikraoth Gedoloth as well as a concise, modern English translation of the text with extensive commentary. In addition, each and every Rashi is translated, as are selections from the Ramban, Sforno, Rashbam, Ibn Ezra, from Talmudic and Midrashic sources, and numerous other commentaries never before translated.]

Miqraʾot Gedolot (Bar-Ilan edition)
Cohen, M. (ed.), מקראות גדולות הכתר ... ספר יחזקאל / Mikra’ot Gedolot 'Haketer': Ezekiel. A Revised and Augmented Scientific Edition of 'Mikra’ot Gedolot' Based on the Aleppo Codex and Early Medieval MSS [Hebrew] (Ramat Gan: Bar-Ilan University Press, 2000 [corrected reprint 2010]).
[commentaries of Rashi, Joseph Kara, David Kimḥ­i, Jehiel ben David Altschul (Meṣ­udot), Abarbanel, and others]. Free online edition here.

Yalkut Shimoni (probably 13th cent.)
Börner-Klein, D. (ed.), Jalkut Schimoni zu Ezechiel. Übersetzt von Beat Zuber (Rabbinische Bibelauslegung im Mittelalter; Berlin: De Gruyter, 2023).

A recent rabbinic commentary-anthology
Eisemann, M., Yechezkel = ספר יחזקאל = The Book of Ezekiel: A New Translation with a Commentary Anthologized from Talmudic, Midrashic and Rabbinic Sources. Translation and Commentary by Rabbi Moshe Eisemann. An Overview, "Yechezkel, Dirge, Search and Rebirth" by Rabbi Moshe Eisemann in collaboration with Rabbi Nosson Scherman. 3 vol. (ArtScroll Tanach Series; Brooklyn, New York: Mesorah Publications, 1980). The third edition appeared in 1988 in a single volume containing the complete text of the original three volumes.

IV.    Selected studies on Jewish interpretation of Ezekiel

Alcoloumbre, T., "Un cauchemar nécessaire? Gog et Magog d'après le Rav Tzaddoq haCohen", in S. Trigano (ed.), L'inquiétante étrangeté dans le judaïsme (Pardès – Études et culture juives, 53; Paris: Éditions In Press, 2013) 205-228. [Rabbi Zadok ha-Kohen Rabinowitz of Lublin (1823-1900)]

Corley, J., "Ben Sira and Ezekiel", in F. M. Macatangay – F.-J. Ruiz-Ortiz (eds.), Ben Sira in Conversation with Traditions: A Festschrift for Prof. Núria Calduch-Benages on the Occasion of Her 65th Birthday. Preface by Renate Egger-Wenzel (DCLS 47; Berlin: De Gruyter, 2022) 79-94.

Harris, R. A., "The Reception of Ezekiel among Twelfth-Century Northern French Rabbinic Exegetes", in A. Mein – P. M. Joyce (eds.), After Ezekiel: Essays on the Reception of a Difficult Prophet (LHB/OTS 535; New York & London: T & T Clark, 2011) 71-88.

Joyce, P. M., "Ezekiel", in M. Lieb – E. Mason – J. Roberts (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Reception History of the Bible (Oxford Handbooks; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011) 64-76.

Joyce, P. M., "Reception and Interpretation in Ezekiel", in W. A. Tooman – P. Barter (eds.), Ezekiel: Current Debates and Future Directions (FAT 112; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017) 459-476.

Lange, A. – M. Weigold, Biblical Quotations and Allusions in Second Temple Jewish Literature (JAJSup 5; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2011).

Lyons, M. A., "Who Takes the Initiative? Reading Ezekiel in the Second Temple Period and Late Antiquity", in W. A. Tooman – P. Barter (eds.), Ezekiel: Current Debates and Future Directions (FAT 112; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2017) 417-441.

Olley, J. W., "Trajectories of Ezekiel (Part 2): Beyond the Book", CBR 10.1 (2011) 53-80.

Rom-Shiloni, D., "Jerusalem and Israel, Synonyms or Antonyms? Jewish Exegesis of Ezekiel’s Prophecies Against Jerusalem", in A. Mein – P. M. Joyce (eds.), After Ezekiel: Essays on the Reception of a Difficult Prophet (LHB/OTS 535; New York & London: T & T Clark, 2011) 89-114.

Sweeney, M. A., "The Problem of Ezekiel in Talmudic Literature", in A. Mein – P. M. Joyce (eds.), After Ezekiel: Essays on the Reception of a Difficult Prophet (LHB/OTS 535; New York & London: T & T Clark, 2011) 11-23. Reprinted under a modified title "Some Issues Concerning the Book of Ezekiel in Talmudic Literature", in M. A. Sweeney, Reading Prophetic Books: Form, Intertextuality, and Reception in Prophetic and Post-Biblical Literature (FAT 89; Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck, 2014) 363-375.